At the beginning of May, the cellist Sara Oswald published an open letter on social media in which many artists recognized their own situation. She speaks of an "... exhaustion from always having a meagre salary while the cost of living is rising. An exhaustion of always having to apply for a premium reduction from the health insurance company, because without it I can really pack it in. Exhaustion from having to create tons of dossiers to realize my projects."

She reminds us that professional training does not protect musicians from precarious circumstances: "I studied at the HEMU Lausanne and completed a master's degree in baroque cello at the HEM in Geneva. I've been a professional musician for 23 years. There are months when I earn 400 francs because I can only play one concert in 30 days. Yes, I could teach, I could play in an orchestra. But that doesn't suit me at all. I like writing music, composing for projects, giving concerts. That's why I learned this profession. It takes time to create music, practise my instrument, promote concerts, do administrative work (more than half of my time). Who has the energy after a day of lessons to sit down in their practice room and find the inspiration for an original composition? Because, in addition to being a musician, you also have to learn to sell yourself. I can say that my work takes up more than 100 percent of my time. To be clear: I only do that: work. And for free."

The singer from Valais Meimuna has expressed her dissatisfaction in drawings: a series of 14 illustrations that can also be seen on social media. They reflect the same concern and address an existential question: "Do I have to give up music?"

Paléo deep beater

On 2 May, a third artist, singer Moictani, who will be performing at this year's Paléo Festival, will take up the subject on the RTS radio program. We hear that she too has to make do with fees of 200 to 300 francs per concert and that Switzerland's biggest festival is in no way more generous. The entire budget flows into the dizzying fees of the stars. People dream of a Paléo that would invite two fewer celebrities and pay the lesser-known artists correctly. It would then perhaps sell its 200,000 tickets in 30 minutes instead of just 13.

Overall, we dream of a society that is aware of the indispensable role of culture and the need to represent our own culture instead of delegating cultural life to individual stars from across the Atlantic. This requires support from the state that is not questioned every time money is needed to save a bank or compensate for customs duties.

The Fee recommendationswhich were recently drawn up by Sonart, are a very good step in this direction. As her open letter has triggered numerous reactions, Sara Oswald is now conducting an online survey that will ultimately result in a manifesto. It will most likely be published in the French-speaking Swiss daily newspaper Le Temps appear. In order to achieve an improvement, musicians in Switzerland agree that they must act together and open their mouths - or rather: shout - with a united voice. The Swiss Music Newspaper is precisely for this purpose.

Open letter from Sara Oswald: Invisible

"It started a few years ago. A touch of tiredness. An emerging irritation at still having to explain that I would like to be paid when I play on this or that album or when I give a concert. A growing dismay at the unrealistic ideas people have about the life of an artist. I still hear the same thing: it's nice to be able to live out your passion.

The years go by and all this is compounded by exhaustion, combined with the thousands of kilometers travelled to perform somewhere in French no man's land for 300 euros, with no travel allowance. I ask myself how useful it is to go and play somewhere else, and the desire for something unfamiliar is always stronger than the sense of reality. An exhaustion from always having a meagre wage while the cost of living is rising. Exhaustion from always having to apply for a premium reduction from the health insurance company, because without it I can really pack it in. Exhaustion from having to create tons of dossiers in order to realize my projects.

And speaking of projects: Recently, at the age of 47, I have been filled with undisguised anger at the rejection of a grant that puts a very personal performance, the fruit of my work over the last four years, in jeopardy because "we can only consider a third of the applications submitted". I am aware that there is not an infinite amount of money available for culture. Talking to musician friends, I hear that some of them put their entire meagre savings on the table to produce and manufacture an album. (Needless to say, we don't get a penny from Spotify and the like). Others squander a small inheritance "so as not to abandon projects altogether", others actually quit in disgust and still others burn out. Everyone is suffering. More and more. In silence. Invisible.

I studied at the HEMU in Lausanne and completed a master's degree in baroque cello at the HEM in Geneva. I have been a professional musician for 23 years. There are months when I earn 400 francs because I can only play one concert in 30 days. Yes, I could teach, I could play in an orchestra. But that doesn't suit me at all. I like writing music, composing for projects, giving concerts. That's why I learned this profession.

It takes time to create music, practice on the instrument, promote concerts, do administrative work (more than half of my time). After a day of lessons, who has the energy to sit down in their practice room and find the inspiration for an original composition? Because, in addition to being a musician, you also have to learn to sell yourself. I can say that my work takes up more than 100 percent of my time. To be clear: I only do that: work. And for free.

It goes without saying that rehearsals are also unpaid. Just like the work on the instrument, composing, putting together a concert program, the hours spent on the computer to put together a budget or a project presentation. Only the concert is paid for. And the travel expenses, often if you fight for them. As the excellent study by Marc Audétat and Marc Perrenoud, published by Stéphanie Arboit in Le Temps on April 25, shows, the average fee for jazz and new music is 300 francs. Even if you perform every weekend, which (I believe) hardly any Swiss artist can do, it is extremely difficult to make a living ... The beautiful drawings by Maimuna (on Instagram, April 25) show this very clearly.

Isn't it sad and shocking that we have to say to ourselves: We do vocational training, go to university, learn self-taught or via other educational paths, we spend our lives making music and can't make a living from it. What I also find unfortunate in our profession is the unfair competition. Since we're in such an unfortunate situation, I don't think you're doing the profession a service if you're prepared to play somewhere for less than 300 francs. It gives the impression that our services are worthless. Hence the question: what is a professional musician? Someone who lives from their art, has studied at a school and has no other income than music?

Over the past few days, I have spoken to many musicians. And everywhere I go I feel this exhaustion, this healthy anger, this dejection. I think we have to do something.

What conclusions can be drawn from the above-mentioned study? How do we become visible? What should we do to be heard? How do we join forces? And above all: what do we propose to change things?

This morning I am tired of my/our invisibility."

Drawings by Meimuna: Do I have to give up music?

The Belgian violin virtuoso and composer Henri Vieuxtemps worked for six years at the court of Tsar Nicholas I in St. Petersburg. At the beginning of this engagement in 1846, he composed the Morceaux de Salon op. 22 for violin and piano, including No. 5 Tarentelle, and put it into print. As he also found it suitable for the big stage, he created an orchestral version, which was printed in 1854. Vieuxtemps made considerable changes to the violin part from 1846, changes that had previously only been found in the score.

New editions (5a) are now available, on the one hand of the version for violin and piano with the solo violin part of the orchestrated version, and on the other hand of the score. The orchestral material is available to borrow - the perfect prerequisite for performing the Tarantella on a larger scale! The preface is exciting and the critical report helps with many questions of detail. The fingerings in the score and the piano reduction are by Vieuxtemps, those in the violin part by the editor.

 Henri Vieuxtemps: Tarantella for violin and orchestra op. 22 no. 5a, first edition published by Olaf Adler; score, OCT-10371, Fr. 40.60; piano version, OCT-10371a, Fr. 29.50; Edition Kunzelmann, Adliswil

In his 1950 publication Memories writes the composer Richard Flury (1896-1967): "I do not consider the possibility of new and original musical ideas with Romantic means to be exhausted by any means, and I seek originality less in the invention of new, technical means of expression at any price than in the vitality of a strong experience. Creativity in art is like an organic growth in which the temperament and intuitive powers of the soul are more involved than the intellect, which is in danger of having a disastrous influence on the natural development of art."

Flury's String Quartets No. 2 (1929) and No. 3 (1938), which have never been recorded before, have been released on a CD by the English label Toccata Classics in outstanding interpretations by the Colla-Parte Quartet from Bern. They are good examples of Flury's aesthetic, which was influenced by his teachers Hans Huber, Ernst Kurth, Joseph Lauber and Joseph Marx. The "unbearable accumulation of sought-after and also unintentional accidental dissonances" in some works, which he criticizes in his memoirs, is sought in vain; tonality is preserved, as is the classical four-movement structure. It is obvious that Flury, a central figure in Solothurn's musical life as a teacher at the cantonal school and conductor of the town orchestra, was a trained violinist and violist and knew the string instruments very well. The Colla-Parte-Quartett, founded in 1997, with Georg Jacobi, Susanna Holliger, Friedemann Jähnig and Eva Simmen, plays the works with commitment, nuance and color, allowing them to come into their own.

Richard Flury: Chamber Music, Volume Two: String Quartet No. 2 and No. 3. Colla Parte Quartet. Toccata Classics TOCC 0717

With the exception of two motets and an ensemble piece, Johann Jacob Froberger's (1616-1666) oeuvre consists of compositions for keyboard instruments. "What Chopin became for the piano literature of the 19th century, Froberger was for the piano music of the 17th century: both placed the subjective feelings of player and listener at the center of their work and both succeeded in taking their instruments to the limits of sound and expression" (Siegbert Rampe).

Now Pieter Dirksen, the Dutch specialist in 17th century keyboard music, has reissued Froberger's suites, giving all keyboard players an insight into suite music before Bach and Handel. Here you can learn expressivity and the kind of sound design that comes from the "style brisé" of French music for lute. This peculiarity requires a meticulously notated resolution of the chords, which is not easy to read. A less crowded layout would therefore have been desirable, and the distribution of the musical text between the two keyboard systems could also have been more player-friendly. Even if one is surprised at some of the editorial decisions, the Henle publishing house has nevertheless closed a gap in a repertoire which can also be used with profit in piano pedagogy.

Johann Jacob Froberger: Suites for Harpsichord, edited by Pieter Dirksen, HN 1091, € 31.00, G. Henle, Munich

In his music, Pēteris Vasks searches for the last things. The Latvian composer wants to "feed the soul" and emphasizes the importance of emotions for his tonal musical language. His second violin concerto, composed in 2020 Vakara gaismā (In the evening light) unfolds a great deal of emotion and has great breath. A melancholy undertone lies over the five-movement work, which is mostly written in a minor key, but also contains combative passages and dissolves spherically in the bright light at the end. A last ray of sunshine before night falls, which the spiritual composer associates with death.

Antje Weithaas and the Camerata Bern dedicate themselves to this work, which is deeply rooted in the Romantic period and in some passages is also pompous, with great intensity and never flagging creative power. The great ups and downs that punctuate the opening Andante con passione have tension and direction. Weithaas' violin sound emerges almost imperceptibly from the tutti. It is only in the Cadenza I, characterized by double stops, that the solo violin comes to the fore. The long-standing artistic director of the Camerata Bern keeps the urgency high. And is able to increase the emotional and rhythmic intensity in the Andante cantabile, which is reminiscent of Shostakovich's music with its manic repetitions and forced string sound. The glissando crashes in Cadenza II are shattering, the clusters in the tutti tell of excitement and resistance. The strings of the Camerata Bern can grab hold, but also lay out a floating carpet. And always reflect the emotionality of the solo violin.

In the finale, the Andante con amore, the emotional struggles are over apart from one last rebellion. At the beginning of the movement, the solo violin floats above the orchestra's organ part as if redeemed. Even in the icy heights of the finale, Antje Weithaas' violin tone never becomes cold, but instead develops warmth and emphasis.

Pēteris Vasks: Violin Concerto No. 2 (Vakara gaismā/In the evening light). Camerata Bern; Antje Weithaas, violin and conductor. CAvi-music (only available digitally)

Stories that life writes: Thanks to a prize at the International Composition Competition in Boswil, Michael von Hintzenstern was able to embark on his first trip to the West from the GDR in 1976. Not only did he take advantage of the three-month work and study stay in rural Switzerland that came with the prize, but he also changed his itinerary - without permission from the GDR regime, of course: he also went to Cologne to visit the revered "master" Karlheinz Stockhausen. Stockhausen's approach to "intuitive music" would shape both Hintzenstern and his Ensemble for Intuitive Music Weimar (EFIM) - and ultimately also the richly illustrated and entertaining book Sounds of the momentwhich, among other things, reproduces some handwritten testimonies of the correspondence with Stockhausen.

The focus is on the history of the ensemble, which was founded in 1980 and consists of four musicians who are as active as they are experimental: Michael von Hintzenstern plays organ and all kinds of synthesizers, Hans Tutschku is the specialist for electro-acoustic and electronic music, the "jazzman" Daniel Hoffmann plays horn and trumpet, Matthias von Hintzenstern usually plays the cello, but also makes appearances with sound installations.

At the beginning, Stockhausen's works take center stage, such as the 15 text compositions for intuitive music in variable instrumentation From the seven days (1968) or the well-known Zodiac (1974/75). Increasingly, also due to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the programs expanded. Tutschku increasingly contributes his experience with French electro-acoustic music, the EFIM seeks out venues far away from concert halls, plays in parks, botanical gardens or in potash mines 670 meters underground. The EFIM can now also accept concert and workshop invitations to 30 countries on 4 continents.

Anyone who is enthusiastic about experimental music will also be thrilled by this documentary. But it is also worth reading for anyone interested in the cultural history of the GDR. There was a great deal of freedom in music in particular - freedom that the EFIM used in an astonishingly open, intelligent and sympathetic way.

Michael von Hintzenstern: Klänge des Augenblicks - 44 Jahre Ensemble für intuitive Musik Weimar 1980-2024, 256 p., over 300 illustrations, € 44.00, Weimar 2024, ISBN 978-3-00-078834-5,
hintzenstern.eu

Which new work was performed for the first time on April 2, 1800 by Schuppanzigh, Schreiber, Schindlecker, Bär, Nickel, Matauschek and Dietzel at the Hofburgtheater in Vienna? A septet for strings and winds by Ludwig van Beethoven. Was it a "Sinfonia concertante", a genre that enjoyed great popularity at the time, or a symphony for chamber music ensemble?

With its six movements and a playing time of almost forty minutes, this composition far exceeded the dimensions of the other works played that evening, the 1st Piano Concerto and the 1st Symphony, which were also premiered. The delightful interplay of the string quartet, without second violin but with double bass, with the winds playing in harmony and the solo parts of the violin and clarinet, whereby the former is required to display the highest virtuosity comparable to the later Violin Concerto op. 61, especially in the cadenza of the last movement, was received with enthusiasm and subsequently enjoyed great popularity.

Beethoven's Septet also became a model for Franz Schubert and his Octet in F major D 803, composed in 1824, and other works with similar instrumentation by Louis Spohr, Ferdinand Ries, Franz Berwald and others. Beethoven's satisfaction with the septet continued after his pride at the first performance in the Vienna Castle and his remark to Joseph Haydn: "This is my Creation" in later times according to Ignaz Pleyel. The work was published by Hoffmeister in 1802 with a dedication to Empress Marie Therese.

This Urtext edition was edited by the English Beethoven scholar Jonathan Del Mar, who completed the Beethoven symphonies in the new edition in 2000, which is now used by all well-known conductors as a basis for interpretation. The study score also contains four autograph pages from the Biblioteka Jagiellońska in Kraków and is excellently equipped with a preface and detailed source notes.

Ludwig van Beethoven: Septet in E flat op. 20, edited by Jonathan Del Mar; parts: BA 10944, € 38.95; pocket score: TP 944, € 18.95; Bärenreiter, Kassel

I met Walter Fähndrich quite by chance in the summer of 1984 at what was then the Quellenhof student hotel in Schuls. Even back then - before I even knew he was a musician - I was struck by his uncompromising attitude and ambition. It was only later that I became aware of his publications on the subject of Music and spaces and I heard about his incredible electro-acoustic sound installation at Lago del Sambuco in the upper Maggia Valley.

Fähndrich, born in Zug in 1944, is a trained violist, composer, theory teacher and improviser. For 25 years he was a lecturer in improvisation/life composition in Basel and set up a master's course in improvised chamber music. His eight compositions for solo viola were written up to 2002 Viola I to Viola VIII.

In the booklet Why do we improvise? Fähndrich presents a music-theoretical foundation for his specialty, chamber music improvisation. In this respect, the slogans on the blurb are provocative: "Total freedom - everything is possible and right!!!", "You can play whatever you want!!!" and "You can't make mistakes!!!". The opposite is true: if you follow Fähndrich's reasoning, you are indeed limited.

His reflections begin with "Ten aspects of improvisation". These range from "communication", "willingness to take risks" and "energy management" to "product, purpose". Fähndrich understands improvisation as "A player with equal rights and full responsibility in the compositional process, at the heart of which is a result that is realized with great playfulness, unpredictable and yet as convincing as possible". He also makes a strict distinction between the positive Acting outwhich he has shifted from the negatively connoted Letting go stands out.

Naturally, much of the volume remains very verbose and theoretical. There are no notated examples, because the improvised music is precisely not written down. Fähndrich's book is a must-read for anyone who takes a serious and reflective approach to improvisation.

Walter Fähndrich: Why do we improvise?, 80 p., € 18.00, Wolke-Verlag, Hofheim 2024, ISBN 978-3-95593-270-1

"Zogä am Bogä, de Landammä tanzäd, wieä dr Tiifel dur Dieli dure g'schwanzet ..." - With these cheeky lines and the lively rhythm, the Uri composer and musician Bärti Jütz (1900-1925) poked fun at the widespread ban on dancing at the beginning of the 20th century. It was only a good ten years ago that the original writing by Zogä am Bogä in the canton of Uri. Written by hand on squared paper and signed by Bärti Jütz.

Michel Truniger, the director of Theater Uri, recognized the play's potential for larger ensembles. Together with the Haus der Volksmusik Altdorf, the clarinettist, conductor and arranger Roman Blum, who was born in Aargau and lives in Root (LU), was entrusted with the preparation of the sheet music for individual registers and voices. Arrangements for brass band, choir and for the marching booklet are now available.

The sheet music is also suitable for ensembles at music schools. "The publication is in line with the House of Folk Music's fundamental aim of promoting local folk music and making it accessible to as many people as possible," says Markus Brülisauer, Managing Director of the House of Folk Music Altdorf.

Free download of the arrangements: hausdervolksmusik.ch/baertisjuetz

Musical homage to the composer

To mark the 125th anniversary of Bärti Jütz's birth and 100th anniversary of his death, the House of Folk Music Altdorf is focusing on the life and work of the Uri composer and musician throughout the year. Together with Theater Uri, a concert tribute will be performed on 17 May 2025. To the event

Steff Signer, alias Infrasteff, has never cracked a hit parade, nor filled stadiums or otherwise sent the box office into raptures. At least his opera Late afternoon in paradise at the Rossini Opera Festival on the island of Rügen, after which conductor Wolfgang Danzmayr praised the work as "ravishingly wacky". And once the experimental rocker, composer, poet and painter, who was born in Hundwil in the canton of Ausserrhoden and is now 74 years old, even found himself in a key position: from 1989 to 1994, he was head producer for the "Musikszene Schweiz" series run by Migros Culture Percentage.

It is precisely the unexpected (lateral) leaps that make Hanspeter Spörri, the former editor-in-chief of the CovenantThe chronicle, written by a friend of Signer's since his school days, is such an enjoyable and nourishing "deep dive" into the musical and social history of Eastern Switzerland. Signer's archive is now maintained by the Cantonal Library of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. "As a contemporary testimony, the diverse materials document a period of Appenzell's history that was previously inaccessible in museums, archives or libraries," writes library director Heidi Eisenhut. "The Signer private archive is a testimony to a subculture at home; characterized by 1968 and Frank Zappa, 'alternative', 'freaky', different from the usual and yet deeply connected to Appenzell in many reference points."

Thanks to a generous selection of QR codes, the book does full justice to Signer's multimedia work. The sounding examples begin with youthful "piano jazz" and range from early "beat" combos, Zappaesque experiments (Signer never got rid of the title "Appenzell Frank Zappa"), jazz-rock big bands, occupations with new music and a pop phase in the 1980s to the satirical and loving exploration of the Appenzell environment in recent times. An exemplary book.

Hanspeter Spörri: Steff Signer. The musical biography. A piece of Swiss rock, pop and highmatt history, 400 p., Fr. 48.00, Appenzeller Verlag, Schwellbrunn 2024, ISBN 978-3-85882-888-0

The last few years have proven that it is always possible to be surprised by new, previously little-known or forgotten repertoire. A large number of string quartets have come to light that were unjustly kept in the dark for a long time, such as those by Franz Xaver Richter, Peter Hänsel, Adalbert Gyrowetz or Carl Czerny, to name but a few. However, it is extremely rare for a quartet - and indeed the only quartet - by a world-famous composer to suddenly become available in a version that differs considerably from the much-performed work.

Verdi is said to have been bored; a long break from rehearsals is said to have driven him away from singing and towards purely instrumental music, which he had not turned to until then and would not do so for the rest of his life. Verdi himself was surprised by the success of the "occasional work", which was premiered in a small circle in 1873. He located the string quartet as a genre in the German cultural sphere and considered it a foreign product to the Italian palate. Nevertheless, he studied its DNA secretly and very thoroughly, as the first published edition of 1876 impressively proves. The essence and character of the quartet are originally Mediterranean in coloration, while the underlying architecture is based on the products of the best masters of the guild, which the Italian considered a sanctuary.

Very few connoisseurs and interpreters are aware that the first-performed version was a completely different piece to the printed version. In their apology, it should be said that Verdi's manuscript drafts from the first period of composition - 41 pages of hard work - have only been accessible to researchers since 2019. The urge of the first listeners to make the famous opera composer public as a master of chamber music was initially met with brusque resistance from the composer, until he gradually warmed to the idea.

What followed was an effort that he would probably have preferred to avoid. After all, playing with the idea of being on a par with the best in creating a string quartet is one thing, putting it to the test internationally is quite another. It was clear to him that the feuilletons would be full of malice if he did not meet the demands from the north. The national concept of music at the time was also reflected in the exclusion and disparagement of other composers. As a Norwegian string quartet exotic in 1878, Edvard Grieg could sing a sad song about how he was reviled in "professional circles" for his gross incompetence. So Verdi, who had an impeccable reputation to lose, had to be careful. His composition, which he coquettishly called "senza importanza", kept him busy for a total of seven years.

However, it would be unfair to accuse the first draft of lacking quality. Verdi's approach there is less sophisticated and methodical, relying above all on his brilliant inventiveness to produce a fresh and very appealing work of alert genius. One might miss something of this irreverence in the published quartet, which is almost a third longer, if one had the opportunity to hear the two pieces side by side.

For me, who know the work from my earliest ensemble days, it is almost amusing to see how two of the most feared passages for the second violin in the entire string quartet literature vanish into thin air in the first movement: The theme in the first movement, somewhat awkward to play on the G string, intoned by the first violin, and the tricky scherzo fugue beginning in the finale, pianissimo leggerissimo articulate, there is none at all. Incidentally, there is no fugue at all. The whole thing is highly exciting ... The study score contains the first performance version as well as the printed version.

A big compliment to the G. Henle publishing house for working out the development of Verdi's masterpiece in such a comprehensible way!

Giuseppe Verdi: String Quartet in E minor, edited by Anselm Gerhard; Parts: HN 1588, € 25.00; study score: HN 7588, € 14.00; G. Henle, Munich

Aris Bassetti is something like the sun of the Ticino music scene. Twenty years ago, he formed the experimental rock band Peter Kernel with Barbara Lehnhoff, which has lost none of its original adventurous spirit to this day. His own record label, On the Camper Records, followed shortly afterwards. In addition to Lehnhoff's alter ego Camilla Sparksss, his current circle includes harpist Kety Fusco, the psychedelic band Monte Mai and yé-yé archaeologist Julie Meletta. With Mortòri, Bassetti is now embarking on his solo project. An urgently needed undertaking to explore the dark feelings associated with "love", he writes, citing Ornella Vanoni, Gino Paoli, South America, Italian-Swiss folk music and "Arabic music" as influences.

The first results, compiled on an EP, reveal their Italian roots above all in the vocal melodies and the lyrics, which Bassetti wrote in the endangered Ticino dialect. It sounds so peculiar that you could almost think he invented this language. Bassetti gives free rein to his experimental tendencies in the instrumentation without ever losing touch with palatable melodies. Thus O'l Amur driven forward by a vibraphone and bass riff, flute and hyperactive bongos. With GDC we are dealing with a kind of (electronic?) woodwind/cello combo and La Gata would have won the San Remo Festival in a better world. We look forward to more!

Mortòri: A Mort l'Amur. On the Camper Records

With their extraordinary CD Songs of the homeland from 2019, the renowned Lucerne soprano Regula Mühlemann not only showed courage in her choice of repertoire, she also triggered a new trend (Review by Verena Naegele). It is dedicated to the careful selection and revival of partly forgotten works by Swiss composers. Recently, a number of new recordings have appeared that are dedicated to such settings, some of them dialect poems, and thus shed light on the theme of home.

Swiss Love

Franziska Heinzen (soprano) and Benjamin Mead (piano) have created the "New Year's Piece" for the year 2025 at Zurich Central Library. Under the title Swiss Love. The sorrow and lust of love love stories of all shades are presented in a program in which the duo artfully interweaves songs by Lothar Kempter, Johann Carl Eschmann, Yvonne Röthlisberger and Wilhelm Baumgartner, some of them recorded for the first time, with newly arranged folk songs.

Hei cho

The second recording presents under the title Hei cho Settings of poems by Josef Reinhart, a well-known educator and writer from the Solothurn region in the first half of the 20th century. They were composed by Richard Flury, Ernst Honegger, Emil Adolf Hoffmann, Walter Lang, Friedrich Niggli, Heinrich Pestalozzi and Karl Schell. Soprano Stephanie Bühlmann - this is not her first dialect work either - has been able to recruit tenor Daniel Behle and pianist Benjamin Engeli, both proven specialists, for this project.

Forgotten songs, forgotten love

The third CD focuses on the work of Willy Heinz Müller, a violinist, conductor and composer from Vienna, who was active in the St.Gallen area until the 1970s and cultivated an international network of contacts. His songs, however, remained undiscovered for almost 100 years until the soprano Mélanie Adami, his great-granddaughter, finally took the time to study these forgotten works in detail during the coronavirus crisis. Convinced of their quality, she found equally curious fellow musicians in pianist Judith Polgar and baritone Äneas Humm, and together they made the recording entitled Forgotten songs, forgotten love to record. The compositions were complemented by works by other composers who had either made a great impression on Müller or with whom he had a personal relationship, such as Ernst von Dohnányi, Franz Ries or Carl Götze.

The musical level and recording quality is so high on all three recordings that you occasionally forget that you are not listening to standard or even master repertoire. For example, the fact that Daniel Behle is not a dialect speaker is only noticeable at the beginning. Overall, this feature also contributes to a certain ennobling of the overall sound. And even if there are occasional long stretches, the three recordings nevertheless invite listeners on a domestic voyage of discovery that will also reward a wider audience.

Swiss Love. The sorrow and lust of love. Solo Musica SM 477

Hei cho. Dialect songs on poems by Josef Reinhart. Solo Musica SM 464

Forgotten songs, forgotten love. Forgotten Songs by Willy Heinz Müller. Prospero Classical PROSP 0087

If the war-torn homeland becomes a threat to life or there is no longer enough money to live on, fleeing is often the only choice. But what happens in the other country? In other words, where refugees are cut off from their own culture? And in even worse cases, where they are not welcome?

These are extremely important questions of cultural policy that Music and migration is treated. Music has always been a defining identity factor. It is therefore not surprising that migrants or refugees continue to listen to and cultivate the music of their homeland - be it folk songs, rap in their own language or pentatonic tunes from their own cultural area. If you read the essays in this extensive anthology, there is something else: music alleviates suffering and helps people to deal with trauma. On page 215, Anna Papaeti and M. J. Grant report on a Syrian refugee. When he arrives by boat in Greece, he sings "a mixture of lament and prayer", addressed to the sea, which "may it stop killing children in its waves".

Such drastic situations are only a Aspect of the highly complex topic Music and migration. In addition, there are questions and problems of the "multicultural society", aspects of cultural appropriation, including the currently strange field of post-colonialism. The editors of the thick, 746-page anthology did well to explain "key terms" in lexicon style, not only "postcolonialism", but also many terms borrowed from ethnology or sociology, such as "agency", "embodiment" or "liminality". The field of research is fundamentally dependent on interdisciplinary cooperation, and therefore tends to be located more in "cultural studies" than in the more solid field of musicology. This makes it challenging to read in places. On the one hand, due to problems that are difficult to grasp and, on the other, due to research methods that are barely established.

Nevertheless, there is a lot to take away after reading it. Among other things, the insight that musical acculturation processes, i.e. the interpenetration of different cultures, are completely normal. Concepts of "own" and "foreign" are only auxiliary constructions - and this also exposes those patriots, nationalists and sometimes overly self-confident Europeans whose calls for a "dominant culture" or cultural "purity" are at best nonsensical abbreviations. As Katarzyna Grebosz-Haring and Magnus Gaul write on page 25? Plato already discussed the phenomenon of acculturation. And that was in the 3rd century BC!

Music and Migration, Volume 3, a book on theory and methods, edited by Wolfgang Gratzer, Nils Grosch, Ulrike Präger and Susanne Scheiblhofer, 746 p., € 69.90, Waxmann, Münster 2023, ISBN 978-3-8309-4630-4, open access

The new Köchel directory (KV or KV²⁰²⁴) represents the current knowledge of Mozart's individual compositions and justifies its high purchase price in every respect. It not only offers current research results, but also refers critically to the information in earlier editions from 1862 (Köchel), 1905 (Waldersee), 1937 (Einstein), 1964 (Giegling et al.).

The numbering of Mozart's works is based on the earliest in each of those editions, e.g. 314, but dispenses with the inconvenient double entries, e.g. 314/285d, and accepts that two entries are necessary for 314, namely for the flute concerto and the oboe concerto. This simplification means that the naming of the works in the chronological order of their presumed composition no longer plays a role, but this is done in a separate, concise overview with the greatest possible differentiation.

The music examples are simplified and do not provide a piano score of the first bars, but only the opening monophonic themes of individual movements. The appendices are also an asset: They contain the spurious works, Mozart's arrangements of other compositions as well as the scattered cadenzas and ornaments that have survived. The instructions for using the index even refer to future additions on the Internet. Unlike the new Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis, the Köchel-Verzeichnis is not stingy with references, but lists the origins of all findings in a clear bibliography.

With the Köchel-Verzeichnis, the editors Neal Zaslaw and Ulrich Leisinger, their main collaborators and an army of informants and helpers have achieved a milestone in decades of work, a starting point for future study of Mozart's work, behind which there is no way back. Hopefully the delicate spine binding of this 1391-page single volume will survive its frequent use.

Köchel-Verzeichnis, Thematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke von Wolfgang Amadé Mozart, new edition 2024, edited by Neal Zaslaw, presented by Ulrich Leisinger with the assistance of Miriam Pfadt and Ioana Geanta, BV 300, CXXV + 1263 p., € 499.00, Breitkopf & Härtel, Wiesbaden 2024